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Feed Patulin Solution
BioVenic provides feed patulin (mycotoxin) analysis and mitigation services for the detection and detoxification of patulin contamination in animal feed, supporting feed mycotoxin safety assessment, feed additive and bioprocess development, and animal nutrition research. Our platform covers patulin detection via HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS, and ELISA, along with feed additive (antioxidant and probiotic) development and biological detoxification through adsorption and microbial or enzymatic degradation. We support patulin-related animal research with in vitro and in vivo models and multi-omics (microbiome, metabolome, proteome) analyses to evaluate intervention efficacy and safeguard animal health.
Sources of Patulin
Patulin, also known as 4-hydroxy-4H-furo[3,2c]pyran-2(6H)-one, is synthesized by various molds. Initially identified as an antimicrobial agent in the 1940s from Penicillium patulum, it is a metabolic byproduct produced by numerous microscopic filamentous fungi across different genera like Bysochlamys, Eupenicillium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Peacylomyces. This mycotoxin is notably prevalent in apples, apricots, grapes, grapefruit, peaches, pears, olives, and various cereal grains.
Impacts of Patulin on Animals
Patulin has been documented as a genotoxic, reprotoxic, embryotoxic, and immunosuppressive substance. It adversely affects several key biochemical parameters such as AT-Pase, alkaline phosphatase, aldolase, and hexokinase activities. The following table outlines the effects of patulin on different animal types:
Table. 1 Impacts of patulin on animals
| Animal Type | Effects |
|---|---|
| Pigs |
|
| Cattle |
|
| Poultry |
|
| Dogs |
|
Feed Patulin Solutions
Through our mycotoxin analysis platform, animal models, and animal nutrition metabolite analysis platforms, we have crafted a range of solutions addressing feed patulin. These solutions aim to assist animal nutrition researchers in overcoming challenges encountered during patulin investigations.
- Patulin Analysis Solutions
Patulin, a molecule with low molecular weight and high polarity, poses numerous analytical hurdles during detection. Utilizing HPLC-UV as the predominant method, we deliver proficient testing services and products for patulin analysis in feed samples, products of animal origin, and other specimens. Our solutions encompass immunological assays like ELISA and chromatographic techniques such as HPLC-UV, LC-MS/MS, and GC-MS/MS. Additionally, we offer avenues for pioneering analytical method development to detect patulin efficiently.
- Feed Additive Development for Patulin
Primarily sourced from bioactive compound extracts acting as free radical scavengers, feed additives aim to mitigate patulin toxicity. A selection of potential feed additives for alleviating the detrimental impacts of patulin is outlined in Table. 2. Our feed additive development solution serves as a resource for animal nutrition researchers, facilitating the identification, evaluation, and advancement of feed additives tailored to combat patulin effects.
Table. 2 Potential feed additives or treating patulin
| Feed Additive | Descriptions |
|---|---|
| Green tea polyphenols (GTP) |
|
| Green tea leaves (GTL) |
|
| Crocin (CRO) |
|
| Vitamin supplements |
|
| Selenium compounds |
|
| Probiotics |
|
- Development of Biological Detoxification for Patulin in Animal Feed
Our approach to addressing patulin contamination in animal feed involves two main strategies: adsorption and degradation. By leveraging microbial organisms and enzymes, we aim to effectively remove patulin from animal feed. Furthermore, we conduct comprehensive assessments of the efficacy of biological detoxification both in vitro and using animal models.
- Animal Research Solutions for Patulin
We provide a diverse array of animal models, encompassing both in vitro and in vivo studies, to investigate the impact of patulin on animals and elucidate the underlying mechanisms affecting animal health. Our expertise in animal nutritional metabolite assays and omics solutions also serves as a valuable reference for refining biodetoxification processes and developing feed additives.
Service Workflow of Feed Patulin Solution
Related Research
In a study investigating the biodegradation mechanisms of patulin by the antagonistic yeast Candida guilliermondii, comprehensive experiments were conducted to evaluate patulin degradation capacity, identify degradation products, and characterize the enzymatic pathways involved using an iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Results demonstrated that C. guilliermondii was capable of multiplying to a high population density in medium containing up to 100 μg/mL patulin and effectively reduced patulin content by 87.3% within 48 h at 28°C. The degradation activity was dependent on yeast cell viability and primarily occurred intracellularly, as heat-killed cells and cell-free culture supernatant showed negligible patulin removal (<8%). Chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis identified E-ascladiol as the main degradation product, confirming that patulin was reduced to a significantly less toxic metabolite through opening of the unsaturated lactone ring. The iTRAQ proteomic analysis identified 248 differentially expressed proteins in patulin-treated versus untreated yeast cells, with a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase markedly upregulated at both protein (4.2-fold) and mRNA levels upon patulin exposure. Functional validation confirmed that recombinant SCDR protein catalyzed the NADPH-dependent reduction of patulin to E-ascladiol in vitro, establishing SCDR as the key enzyme responsible for patulin biodegradation. Toxicity assessment using Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and human hepatocyte cell lines demonstrated that E-ascladiol was 15-fold less toxic than the parent compound patulin. This work elucidates the molecular mechanism of patulin biodegradation by yeast, identifying a specific reductase enzyme that converts patulin to a non-toxic metabolite, providing a foundation for developing enzymatic formulations for patulin detoxification in fruit-derived animal feed ingredients.
Fig. 1 Biodegradation of patulin by C. guilliermondii.1
Why Choose Us?
Advanced Detection Technologies
Our cutting-edge detection platform ensures rapid and precise identification of patulin across various samples, facilitating the innovation of novel detection methodologies.
Tailored Animal Models
We cater to the specific needs of in vitro and in vivo investigations, offering customized solutions for a variety of livestock, poultry, and companion animals.
High-Throughput Omics Techniques
Leveraging metabolomics, proteomics, microbiomics, and similar methodologies, we provide insights into the effects of feed additives and biological detoxification on mitigating the adverse impacts of patulin.
Case Study
Researchers conducted a comprehensive multi-strategy evaluation to identify optimal approaches for mitigating patulin (PAT) toxicity in animal feed, systematically comparing four intervention categories—antioxidant additives, probiotic strains, adsorption agents, and combined multi-mechanism formulations—across eight critical toxicity endpoints spanning oxidative damage, organ dysfunction, and molecular-level injury. The multi-endpoint mitigation analysis revealed distinct mechanism-specific efficacy profiles: antioxidant additives (green tea polyphenols, crocin, vitamins E/C, selenium compounds) demonstrated exceptional protection against oxidative stress (72% reduction), genotoxicity (78% reduction), and cell death (75% reduction)—consistent with their primary mode of free radical scavenging and redox equilibrium restoration. Probiotic strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. brevis, Bifidobacterium longum) showed targeted gastrointestinal tract protection with 78% reduction in GI injury—reflecting their localized colonization and mucosal barrier reinforcement effects, alongside competitive patulin binding capacity. Adsorption agents provided moderate broad-spectrum attenuation (25–40% reductions across most endpoints) but exhibited limited efficacy against genotoxicity and enzyme inhibition.
Fig. 2 Case Study
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What type of feed samples can be submitted for patulin testing and degradation services?
A: We accept a wide range of agricultural commodities, livestock feed, silages, and animal feed ingredients susceptible to fungal contamination. Due to variations in moisture content and complex matrix effects, specific sample preparation requirements may differ. We strongly encourage you to consult our technical support team before shipment to ensure your specific feed matrix is compatible with our analytical and enzymatic solution protocols and to receive personalized guidance on sampling sizes.
Q: What are the sample collection and shipping requirements for patulin analysis?
A: Feed samples should be collected in clean, airtight containers to avoid ambient moisture absorption or cross-contamination. To preserve chemical integrity and prevent post-sampling fungal growth, samples should be shipped on dry ice or with chilled gel packs via express delivery. A minimum quantity of 50–100 grams is generally recommended, depending on the chosen assay. Because storage stability can vary depending on your feed composition, please contact our technical support staff for exact sample volume recommendations and optimal preservation conditions for your specific order.
Q: What analytical methods are used to quantify patulin levels in feed?
A: Our testing workflow utilizes high-performance liquid chromatography paired with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to ensure high sensitivity, precision, and broad linearity. These platforms effectively isolate patulin from complex feed matrices while minimizing background interference. If your project requires custom detection limits, rapid screening options, or specialized validation standards beyond routine quality control protocols, please consult our technical support team to select the analytical pipeline best suited to your research or regulatory compliance needs.
Our dedicated technical support team constantly monitors the latest advancements in feed mycotoxin research. Based on the unique properties of feed patulin, BioVenic develops comprehensive solutions that include detection of patulin in feed, development of feed additives and bioprocesses, and validation through animal model studies. Should you be interested in our Feed Patulin Solution, please don't hesitate to contact us. We are committed to understanding your requirements and delivering tailored services to meet your specific needs.
Reference
- Chen, Yong, et al. "Biodegradation mechanisms of patulin in Candida guilliermondii: An iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis." Toxins 9.2 (2017): 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9020048. Distributed under Open Access license CC BY 4.0. Without modification.